are Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and infant respiratory distress syndrome the same thing?
if not, how are they different?
Same pathophysiology, different terminology.
A person ingests a large amount of sulfur gas that ruins his pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. The permeability of the capillary increases leading to?
a) ARDS ( Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome ).
b) permeability edema.
c) both permeability and pulmonary edema.
d) increased in intracellular fluid.
*** A is wrong.. but thanks for your help.
so is it eliminated to one of them (b,c or d)
a) ARDS ( Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome ).
"In ARDS, the injured lung is believed to go through three phases: exudative, proliferative, and fibrotic, but the course of each phase and the overall disease progression is variable. In the exudative phase, damage to the alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium produces leakage of water, protein, and inflammatory and red blood cells into the interstitium and alveolar lumen."
please answer any of these i would greatly appreciate it!
1. most cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis in older adults results from
a. An infection caused by mycobacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis
b. A new infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a susceptible person not previously exposed to the organism
c. Reactivation of a previously acquired Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
d. An exotoxin-producing strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. A young man sustained a severe chest injury with multiple rib fractures in a snowmobile accident. An important and relatively common complication of this type of injury is
a. Pneumothorax secondary to laceration of the lung by broken ends of the fractured ribs
b. Emphysema
c. Pnuemonia
d. Pulmonary embolism due to the lung injury
3. A patient with pulmonary tuberculosis develops tuberculosis of the kidney. The kidney infection occurred because
a. The tubercle bacillus is acid fast.
b. The organism was carried in the blood stream from the lungs to the kidneys.
c. The organism was excreted in the urine and ascended into the kidneys through the ureters from the bladder.
d. The patient has a positive tuberculin test.
4. Which of the following statements regarding the treatment of emphysema by lung volume reduction surgery is INCORRECT?
A. Surgical treatment was much more effective than medical treatment in almost all patients.
B. LVRS involves resecting segments of emphysematous upper lobes in order to reduce the size of the overinflated lungs so that the less severely affected lower lobes can function more efficiently.
C. The mortality rate of medically treated patients was similar to the mortality rate of surgically treated patients.
D. It may be suitable for some patients who have emphysema restricted to the upper lobes of the lungs.
5. True or false? If a bronchus or bronchiole becomes blocked so that no air can enter or leave the lung supplied by the blocked bronchus, the air within the lung supplied by the bronchus or bronchiole will be gradually absorbed, and the affected lung segment will collapse.
6. True or false? A tension pneumothorax usually subsides spontaneously and does not require treatment.
7. True or false? Hypersensitivity to proteins of the tubercle bacillus as demonstrated by a positive skin test (“tuberculin test”) indicates that the patient is immune to tuberculosis and is NOT susceptible to infection.
8. True or false? An interstitial pneumonia (primary atypical pneumonia) is usually caused by a pathogenic bacterium such as the pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae).
9.True or false? Infants born to mothers with diabetes are at increased risk of developing the neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.
10. True or false? Infants delivered by cesarean section are at greater risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome than are infants delivered vaginally.
DOnt know #1 but its usually a community aquired thing
#2 is A
#3 has to be B
#6 is defintely false -its an emergency
#7 is definitely false
thats all i know off the top of my head
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, had infected fewer than 1,500 people (with 53 deaths) as of March 28, 2003, according World Health Organization statistics. Health investigators first looked at a family of viruses called paramyxovirus as a possible cause of the infection, but more recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have focused on a group called the coronaviruses, which are related to the common cold. There is still very little information as to definite causes and treatments of the illness.
Additional steps needed to confirm this hypothesis include further culturing of the virus from appropriate specimens, sequencing the viral genome, and examining specimens from patients at different stages of their illness.
“This collaboration among scientists led by the World Health Organization (WHO) is unprecedented,” said CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding. “We certainly have more work to do, but we think we are on the right track. And our systems to identify cases and investigate them are working too, thanks to all the frontline clinicians and state and local health departments around the country.”
Do we need to worry? That depends on whether the illness continues to jump borders before we can find a way to stop it. At this point, the vast majority of cases have occurred in Guangdong in the Peoples’ Republic of China; Hanoi, Vietnam; Hong Kong or Singapore. Officials are on the lookout for people with a rapid onset of high fever (>100.4 degrees) and clinical findings of respiratory illness including cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing; or with a diagnosis of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Even though there have been only 39 reported cases of SARS in the United States (with no deaths), it’s still best to see your physician as soon as possible if you have any of these symptoms.
You should also see a doctor if you have recently traveled out of the country to areas with suspected or documented community transmission of SARS, or have recently had close contact with anyone who has recently traveled to a SARS area and acquired a respiratory illness.
This article includes information from:
US Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC)
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
World Health Organization (WHO)
Article Created: 2003-03-28
Article Updated: 2003-03-28
I was working as a doctor in the Dominican Republic at that time and there was real concern about the possibility of a pandemic. It did not materialize but thankfully disappeared as quickly as it started.
Here is a remark
"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) — a contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness — first appeared in China in November 2002. Within six weeks, SARS had spread worldwide, carried around the globe by unsuspecting travelers. Eventually, 8,000 people were infected and 800 died of the disease.
The rapid and unexpected spread of SARS alarmed both health officials and the public. SARS — the first newly emerged, serious and contagious illness of the 21st century — illustrated just how quickly infection can spread in a highly mobile and interconnected world. On the other hand, concerted international cooperation allowed health experts to contain SARS just months after its emergence. What’s more, scientists now believe that some cases originally diagnosed as SARS may actually have been avian influenza (bird flu), potentially a far more deadly disease."
http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/sars/DS00501/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print
So Avian influenza may have been the cause of some of the cases.
SARS or Avian bird flu, both remind us of the possibility of a 1917 Spanish Influenza like pandemic is real today.
We were lucky with SARS (so far), but preparation for a swift pandemic is wise today.
Lay in a supply of water, food, and self isolation plan for at least two weeks for such an event today.
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, had infected fewer than 1,500 people (with 53 deaths) as of March 28, 2003, according World Health Organization statistics. Health investigators first looked at a family of viruses called paramyxovirus as a possible cause of the infection, but more recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have focused on a group called the coronaviruses, which are related to the common cold. There is still very little information as to definite causes and treatments of the illness.
Additional steps needed to confirm this hypothesis include further culturing of the virus from appropriate specimens, sequencing the viral genome, and examining specimens from patients at different stages of their illness.
“This collaboration among scientists led by the World Health Organization (WHO) is unprecedented,” said CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding. “We certainly have more work to do, but we think we are on the right track. And our systems to identify cases and investigate them are working too, thanks to all the frontline clinicians and state and local health departments around the country.”
Do we need to worry? That depends on whether the illness continues to jump borders before we can find a way to stop it. At this point, the vast majority of cases have occurred in Guangdong in the Peoples’ Republic of China; Hanoi, Vietnam; Hong Kong or Singapore. Officials are on the lookout for people with a rapid onset of high fever (>100.4 degrees) and clinical findings of respiratory illness including cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing; or with a diagnosis of pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Even though there have been only 39 reported cases of SARS in the United States (with no deaths), it’s still best to see your physician as soon as possible if you have any of these symptoms.
You should also see a doctor if you have recently traveled out of the country to areas with suspected or documented community transmission of SARS, or have recently had close contact with anyone who has recently traveled to a SARS area and acquired a respiratory illness.
This article includes information from:
US Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC)
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
World Health Organization (WHO)
Article Created: 2003-03-28
Article Updated: 2003-03-28
I was working as a doctor in the Dominican Republic at that time and there was real concern about the possibility of a pandemic. It did not materialize but thankfully disappeared as quickly as it started.
Here is a remark
"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) — a contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness — first appeared in China in November 2002. Within six weeks, SARS had spread worldwide, carried around the globe by unsuspecting travelers. Eventually, 8,000 people were infected and 800 died of the disease.
The rapid and unexpected spread of SARS alarmed both health officials and the public. SARS — the first newly emerged, serious and contagious illness of the 21st century — illustrated just how quickly infection can spread in a highly mobile and interconnected world. On the other hand, concerted international cooperation allowed health experts to contain SARS just months after its emergence. What’s more, scientists now believe that some cases originally diagnosed as SARS may actually have been avian influenza (bird flu), potentially a far more deadly disease."
http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/sars/DS00501/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print
So Avian influenza may have been the cause of some of the cases.
SARS or Avian bird flu, both remind us of the possibility of a 1917 Spanish Influenza like pandemic is real today.
We were lucky with SARS (so far), but preparation for a swift pandemic is wise today.
Lay in a supply of water, food, and self isolation plan for at least two weeks for such an event today.
Adult respiratory distress syndrome is synonymous with acute respiratory distress syndrome and is a descriptive term for a fairly massive rapid onset of severe lung injury. There are a number of things which can cause this sort of injury in the lung: infection, fume inhalation injury, autoimmune diseases, trauma, and others. The lung injury causes damage to the alveoli (the numerous air-sacs in the lung) causing them to become leaky and ineffective. Most patients with this sort of injury will need to be on a mechanical ventilator for days to weeks and there is a high death rate. One positive thing, recent studies on how to adjust the various pressures on the mechanical ventilator has improved the chances of survival.
I delivered my son 5 days ago on oct 6th. I was 39 weeks. I was in labor for 23 hours and pushed for 3 1/2 hours and he got stuck. He was born at 7:30 Tuesday morning, and had to be life flighted by noon. He had a really had time breathing. They thought it was pneumonia. But it was Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
Sense hes been there, he has had to be on a C-PAP machine, then oxygen. And a feeding tube in his mouth, then his nose. (All of these are now out by the way.)
Now that he is eating and breathing better, he developed jaundice. His level was at 18 to begin with, then 13, then yesterday 15, and now today 13. They said it has to be closer to 10 before he can come home. So I’m praying tomorrow is the day.
Anyways, i feel as if I havent had bonding time with him like i wanted. I can only hold him when its time to eat because of the jaundice and before that i couldnt hold him at all because of all the machines hooked to him. I’m afraid hes gonna need the nurses in the NICU more then me. Is that terrible? I just feel like this is the only thing he knows and he doesnt know any better. It breaks my heart.
I’ve just been kinda down lately. Does anyone have any advice? Or opinions? Anything would be appreciated.
I know how overwhelmed, anxious, nervous, exhausted and scared you are. My son was also born at 39 weeks, and ended up being in the NICU for his first 19days before he was able to come home.
It takes it’s toll big time on you as a mother on every level, not to mention you’ve just given birth and are emotional as it is.
What I found most hard to deal with at first was the utter confusion - we had no idea our son would be sick and no idea what indeed was wrong with him - healthy pregnancy, did all the right things etc.
All I can say is don’t worry about your boy bonding with you - he knows his Mummy, he knows your scent, heartbeat, your voice. You will bond with him and calm him, these things you don’t need to worry about.
I understand that complete "in over your head" feeling, as you try to keep your mind clear and focused on your little one, while you’re feeling so stressed and overwhelmed. It feels like your life was just flipped on it’s head. But things will get better, and you’ll see his progress everyday. Some days will be better than others, but each step your brave wee boy takes will make him stronger.
If it helps, ask the nurses in the NICU to speak to a social worker or chaplain - I found talking to the social worker really helped me feel validated in the way I was feeling, and also just gave me time to air my thoughts and concerns, while still feeling human.
I pray for your little boy and yourself; make sure you look after yourself, your little boy needs his mummy.
Good luck xx
By the way, my son just turned 1 on the 4th of october, he is the picture of health and no one would have a clue where he’s been and the journey he’s taken.
All the best
An infant, several weeks old, suddenly stopped breathing. She was rushed to the hospital, and, after extensive testing announced that she had this syndrome. More testing to figure out what caused it.
simply stated, its a reduction in breathing or trouble with breathing.
Please help!!! medical question!!!I dont understand these question?
Acetaminophen has advantages over aspirin. These do NOT include which of the following?
a. It may be used for people who are allergic to aspirin or aspirin-like compounds.
b. It does not cause liver damage.
c. It rarely causes gastrointestinal upset or bleeding.
d. It may be taken with anticoagulant therapy.
e. It is associated with Reye’s syndrome.
NSAIDs are used for
a. arthritis
b. dental pain
c. dysmenorrhea
d. anti-inflammatory conditions
e. all of the above
The side effects of NSAIDs include
a. GI distress
b. headache
c. bleeding disorders
d. soreness of the mouth
Analgesics that contain the word compound or "dan" have what as an ingredient?
a. acetaminophen
b. aspirin
c. Phenergan
d. antacids
Analgesics that contain the word "cet" have what as an ingredient?
a. acetaminophen
b. aspirin
c. antacids
d. caffeine
The side effects of opioid medications in the elderly include all the following EXCEPT
a. confusion
b. ototoxicity and tinnitus
c. urinary retention
d. hyperexcitability
e. respiratory depression
Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of drug abuse and misuse?
a. changes in weight and sleep habits
b. impaired memory or illogical thinking
c. defensiveness, anxiety, changes in friends and appearance
d. taking prescribed medications for known illnesses on a regular basis
e. mood swings, irritability, depression and anger
Which of the following are the most frequently abused substances?
a. xanthines
b. caffeine
c. nicotine
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
The side effects of smoking cessation include all of the following EXCEPT
a. belching, hiccups, and indigestion
b. hoarseness, soreness of the mouth and throat, and watering of the mouth
c. tachycardia and insomnia
d. decreased appetite, nausea, and diarrhea
e. skin eruptions
Which of the following is NOT true of central nervous system depressants?
a. Barbiturates are used as downers for persons using central nervous system stimulants.
b. Tolerance is a common effect of barbiturate and benzodiazepine usage, leading to physical dependence.
c. Therapeutic use of benzodiazepines and barbiturates should be short-term.
d. Withdrawal from barbiturates and benzodiazepines should be done rapidly to prevent long-term withdrawal signs and symptoms.
e. Central nervous system depressants are safe for use by the elderly.
e, e, a, b, a, d, d, d, e, d.
A. alveolar macrophages.
B. an artificial surfactant.
C. antibiotics.
D. oxygen.
This article (by Author: Andrew Feng, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Hasbro Children’s Hospital and his
Coauthor: Dale Steele, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine and Hasbro Children’s Hospital) should answer every question you have concerning ARDS in infants.
http://www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic398.htm